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The War of the Brothers

  • 1 War of the Brothers

    (1831-34)
       Civil war in Portugal fought between the forces of absolutist monarchy and constitutionalist monarchy. Each side was headed and represented by one of two royal brothers, King Miguel I, who usurped the throne of young Maria II, and King Pedro IV, formerly emperor Pedro I of Brazil, who abdicated to restore his daughter Maria to the throne her uncle Miguel had purloined. In the end, the forces of Pedro triumphed, those of Miguel lost, and Miguel went into exile in Austria.
        See also Carlota Joaquina, queen.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > War of the Brothers

  • 2 Aloads (In Greek legend, the twin brothers of extraordinary strength and stature who made war upon the Olympian gods and endeavoured to storm heaven itself, but Apollo destroyed them before they reached manhood)

    Религия: Алоады

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Aloads (In Greek legend, the twin brothers of extraordinary strength and stature who made war upon the Olympian gods and endeavoured to storm heaven itself, but Apollo destroyed them before they reached manhood)

  • 3 brother

    noun
    1) Bruder, der

    my/your etc. brothers and sisters — meine/deine usw. Geschwister

    2) (fellow member of trade union) Kollege, der
    * * *
    1) (the title given to a male child to describe his relationship to the other children of his parents: I have two brothers.) der Bruder
    2) (a fellow member of any group ( also adjective): brother officers.) der Kollege
    3) ((plural also brethren ['breƟrən]) a member of a religious group: The brothers of the order prayed together; The brethren met daily.) der Bruder
    •
    - academic.ru/9238/brotherhood">brotherhood
    - brother-in-law
    * * *
    broth·er
    [ˈbrʌðəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. n
    1. (son of same parents) Bruder m
    \brothers and sisters Geschwister pl
    2. (comrade)
    ▪ \brothers! pl Kameraden!, Brüder!
    \brothers in arms Waffenbrüder pl
    3. REL (monk) Bruder m
    B\brother Michael Bruder m Michael
    4. esp AM ( fam: male friend) Kumpel m
    5.
    ▶ I am not my \brother's keeper ich bin nicht der Hüter meines Bruders geh
    II. interj ( fam) Mann! fam, Mannomann! fam
    * * *
    ['brʌðə(r)]
    n pl - s or ( obs, Eccl) brethren

    they are brother and sister — sie sind Geschwister, sie sind Bruder und Schwester

    my/his brothers and sisters — meine/seine Geschwister

    the Clarke brothers — die Brüder Clarke; (Comm) die Gebrüder Clarke

    oh brother! ( esp US inf ) — Junge, Junge! (inf)

    2) (in trade unions) Kollege m
    3) (= fellow man DDR POL) Bruder m

    his brother officers —

    our brothers ( ) — geh, Eccl )

    * * *
    brother [ˈbrʌðə(r)]
    A s
    1. Bruder m:
    brothers and sisters Geschwister;
    Smith Brothers WIRTSCH Gebrüder Smith
    2. REL pl brethren Bruder m:
    a) Nächste(r) m
    b) Glaubensgenosse m, Mitglied n einer religiösen Gemeinschaft
    c) KATH (Laien)Bruder m
    3. Amtsbruder m, Kollege m, Genosse m, Gefährte m, Kamerad m:
    brother in affliction ( oder distress) Leidensgefährte, -genosse;
    brother in arms Waffenbruder m, Kampfgenosse
    B adj Bruder…:
    brother officer Offizierskamerad m;
    brother scientist wissenschaftlicher Kollege;
    brother student Kommilitone m, Studienkollege m
    C int
    1. umg Freundchen!
    2. umg Mann!, Mensch!:
    brother, was I sick! Mann, war mir schlecht!
    br. abk
    bro. abk brother
    * * *
    noun
    1) Bruder, der

    my/your etc. brothers and sisters — meine/deine usw. Geschwister

    * * *
    n.
    Bruder -¨ m.

    English-german dictionary > brother

  • 4 Farman, Henri

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 26 May 1874 Paris, France
    d. 17 July 1958 Paris, France
    [br]
    French aeroplane designer who modified Voisin biplanes and later, with his brother Maurice (b. 21 March 1877 Paris, France; d. 26 February 1964 Paris, France), created a major aircraft-manufacturing company.
    [br]
    The parents of Henri and Maurice Farman were British subjects living in Paris, but their sons lived all their lives in France and became French citizens. As young men, both became involved in cycle and automobile racing. Henri (or Henry—he used both versions) turned his attention to aviation in 1907 when he bought a biplane from Gabriel Voisin. Within a short time he had established himself as one of the leading pilots in Europe, with many record-breaking flights to his credit. Farman modified the Voisin with his own improvements, including ailerons, and then in 1909 he designed the first Farman biplane. This became the most popular biplane in Europe from the autumn of 1909 until well into 1911 and is one of the classic aeroplanes of history. Meanwhile, Maurice Farman had also begun to design and build biplanes; his first design of 1909 was not a great success but from it evolved two robust biplanes nicknamed the "Longhorn" and the "Shorthorn", so called because of their undercarriage skids. In 1912 the brothers joined forces and set up a very large factory at Billancourt. The "Longhorn" and "Shorthorn" became the standard training aircraft in France and Britain during the early years of the First World War. The Farman brothers went on to produce a number of other wartime designs, including a large bomber. After the war the Farmans produced a series of large airliners which played a key role in establishing France as a major airline operator. Most famous of these was the Goliath, a twin-engined biplane capable of carrying up to twelve passengers. This was produced from 1918 to 1929 and was used by many airlines, including the Farman Line. The brothers retired when their company was nationalized in 1937.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1910, The Aviator's Companion, London (with his brother Dick Farman).
    Further Reading
    M.Farman, 1901, 3,000 kilomètres en ballon, Paris (an account of several balloon flights from 1894 to 1900).
    J.Liron, 1984, Les Avions Farman, Paris (provides comprehensive descriptions of all Farman aircraft).
    Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, 1990, London (reprint) (gives details of all early Farman aircraft).
    J.Stroud, 1966, European Aircraft since 1910, London (provides details about Farman air-liners).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Farman, Henri

  • 5 both

    1. adjective

    we both like cooking — wir kochen beide gern

    both [the] brothers — beide Brüder

    you can't have it both ways — beides [zugleich] geht nicht; see also academic.ru/18012/cut">cut 2. 1)

    2. pronoun

    both [of them] are dead — beide sind tot

    both of you/them are... — ihr seid/sie sind beide...

    go along to bed, both of you — ihr geht jetzt ins Bett, alle beide

    3. adverb

    both A and B — sowohl A als [auch] B

    * * *
    [bouƟ]
    adjective, pronoun
    (the two; the one and the other: We both went; Both ( the) men are dead; The men are both dead; Both are dead.) beide
    * * *
    [bəʊθ, AM boʊθ]
    I. adj attr, inv
    1. predeterminer beide
    \both their teams played well ihre beiden Mannschaften spielten gut
    \both my parents are journalists meine Eltern sind beide Journalisten
    2. determiner beide
    blind in \both eyes auf beiden Augen blind
    in \both cases in beiden Fällen
    at \both ends an beiden Enden
    \both sexes Männer und Frauen
    on \both sides of the Atlantic auf beiden Seiten des Atlantiks
    3.
    ▶ to burn the candle at \both ends Raubbau mit seiner Gesundheit betreiben
    ▶ to have [or want] things [or it] \both ways alles haben wollen
    II. pron beide
    \both of you/us ihr beiden/wir beide
    Mike and Jim \both have red hair Mike und Jim haben beide rote Haare
    would you like milk or sugar or \both? möchtest du Milch oder Zucker oder beides?
    \both of these pictures are fine beide Bilder sind schön
    I've got 2 children, \both of whom are good at maths ( form) ich habe 2 Kinder, die beide gut in Mathe sind
    III. adv
    ▪ \both... and... sowohl... als [o wie] auch...
    \both you and I wir beide
    I felt \both happy and sad at the same time ich war glücklich und traurig zugleich
    \both Mike and Jim have red hair Mike und Jim haben beide rote Haare
    it has won favour with \both young and old es hat Zustimmung bei Jung und Alt gefunden
    * * *
    [bəʊɵ]
    1. adj
    beide
    2. pron
    beide; (two different things) beides

    both of them were there, they were both there — sie waren (alle) beide da

    two pencils/a pencil and a picture - he took both — zwei Bleistifte/ein Bleistift und ein Bild - er hat beide/beides genommen

    come in both of you —

    3. adv

    both... and... — sowohl..., als auch...

    John and I both came — John und ich sind beide gekommen

    is it black or white? – both — ist es schwarz oder weiß? – beides

    * * *
    both [bəʊθ]
    A adj &pron beide, beides:
    both my brothers meine beiden Brüder;
    both daughters beide Töchter;
    both of them sie oder alle beide;
    they have both gone sie sind beide gegangen;
    look at it both ways betrachte es von beiden Seiten;
    you can’t have it both ways du kannst nicht beides haben, du kannst nur eines von beiden haben;
    I met them both ich traf sie beide
    B adv oder konj:
    both … and sowohl … als (auch); nicht nur …, sondern auch
    * * *
    1. adjective

    both [the] brothers — beide Brüder

    you can't have it both ways — beides [zugleich] geht nicht; see also cut 2. 1)

    2. pronoun

    both [of them] are dead — beide sind tot

    both of you/them are... — ihr seid/sie sind beide...

    go along to bed, both of you — ihr geht jetzt ins Bett, alle beide

    3. adverb

    both A and B — sowohl A als [auch] B

    * * *
    adj.
    beide adj.
    beides adj.

    English-german dictionary > both

  • 6 Holt, Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 1 January 1849 Concord, New Hampshire, USA
    d. 5 December 1924 Stockton, California, USA
    [br]
    American machinery manufacturer responsible for the development of the Caterpillar tractor and for early developments in combine harvesters.
    [br]
    In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.A.Payne (ed.), 1982, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor, Stockton, Calif: University of the Pacific (provides an illustrated account of the life of Holt and the company he formed).
    R.Jones, "Benjamin Holt and the Caterpillar tractor", Vintage Tractor Magazine 1st special vol.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Holt, Benjamin

  • 7 Mannesmann, Reinhard

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 13 May 1856 Remscheid, Bleidinghausen, Germany
    d. 22 February 1922 Remscheid, Bleidinghausen, Germany
    [br]
    German metallurgical engineer.
    [br]
    Reinhard Mannesmann and his four brothers developed the engineering works at Remscheid that had been founded by their father. With his brother Max, Reinhard devised c. 1885 a method of producing seamless tubes by a rolling process. Factories for manufacturing tubes by this process were established at Remscheid, at Bous in the Saar district and at Komotau in Bohemia. Further developments of the process were patented by the brothers in the years following the initial patent of 1885. The British patent rights for the Mannesmann process were purchased by the Landore Siemens Steel Company in 1888, and the Mannesmann Tube Company was established at Landore in South Wales. This company went into liquidation in 1899 after ten years of production and the Tube Works was then purchased by the Mannesmann family, and a new company, the British Mannesmann Tube Company, was formed. Reinhard and Max Mannesmann took up residence near the Landore works and the business prospered so that by 1914 Landore was employing 1,500 men and producing 35,000 tons of tubing each year. The company was taken over during the First World War by the Custodian of Enemy Property, and after the war a new tube works which had been planned in 1914 was built at Newport, Monmouthshire. The Mannesmann family were able to resume control in 1926 for some ten years, but in 1938 the company became part of the Stewarts \& Lloyds organization.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.Evans, 1934, Manufacture of Seamless Tubes Ferrous and Non-Ferrous, London; 1940, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 143:62–3 (both provide technical details of the Mannesmann process for forming seamless tubes).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Mannesmann, Reinhard

  • 8 Varian, Russell Harrison

    [br]
    b. 24 April 1898 Washington, DC, USA
    d. 28 July 1959 Juneau, Alaska, USA
    [br]
    American physicist who, with his brother Sigurd Varian and others, developed the klystron.
    [br]
    After attending schools in Palo Alto and Halcyon, Russell Varian went to Stanford University, gaining his BA in 1925 and his MA in 1927 despite illness and being dyslexic. His family being in need of financial help, he first worked for six months for Bush Electric in San Francisco and then for an oil company in Texas, returning to San Francisco in 1930 to join Farnsworth's Television Laboratory. After a move to Philadelphia, in 1933 the laboratory closed and Russell tried to take up a PhD course at Stanford but was rejected, so he trained as a teacher. However, although he did some teaching at Stanford it was not to be his career, for in 1935 he joined his brothers Sigurd and Eric in the setting up of a home laboratory.
    There, with William Hansen, a former colleague of Russell's at Stanford, they worked on the development of microwave oscillators, based on some of the latter's ideas. By 1937 they had made sufficient progress on an electron velocity-bunching tube, which they called the klystron, to obtain an agreement with the university to provide laboratory facilities in return for a share of any proceeds. By August that year they were able to produce continuous power at a wavelength of 13 cm. Clearly needing greater resources to develop and manufacture the tube, and with a possible war looming, a deal was struck with the Sperry Gyroscope Company to finance the work, which was transferred to the East Coast.
    In 1946, after the death of his first wife, Russell returned to Palo Alto, and in 1948 the brothers and Hansen founded Varian Associates to make microwave tubes for transmitters and linear accelerators and nuclear magnetic-resonance detectors. Subsequent research also resulted in the development of a satellite-borne magnetometer for measuring the earth's magnetic field.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary DSc Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 1943. Franklin Institute Medal.
    Bibliography
    1939, with S.F.Varian, "High frequency oscillator and amplifier", Journal of Applied Physics 10:321 (describes the klystron).
    Further Reading
    J.R.Pierce, 1962, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 979 (provides background to development of the klystron).
    D.Varian, 1983, The Inventor and the Pilot (biographies of the brothers).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Varian, Russell Harrison

  • 9 none

    1. pronoun
    kein...

    none of them — keiner/keine/keines von ihnen

    none other than... — kein anderer/keine andere als...

    2. adverb

    I'm none the wiser now — jetzt bin ich um nichts klüger

    * * *
    1. pronoun
    (not one; not any: `How many tickets have you got?' `None'; She asked me for some sugar but there was none in the house; None of us have/has seen him; None of your cheek! (= Don't be cheeky!).) kein
    2. adverb
    (not at all: He is none the worse for his accident.) nicht im geringsten
    - academic.ru/117534/none_but">none but
    - nonetheless
    - none the less
    * * *
    [nʌn]
    I. pron indef
    1. (not any) keine(r, s)
    she went to the shop to get some oranges but they had \none sie ging in den Laden, um Orangen zu kaufen, aber sie hatten keine
    you've lost 4 kilos this month and I've lost \none du hast diesen Monat 4 Kilo abgenommen, und ich kein einziges
    I'd like some more cheese — I'm sorry, there's \none left ich hätte gerne noch etwas Käse — es tut mir leid, es gibt keinen mehr
    half a loaf is better than \none at all ein halbes Brot ist besser als gar keins
    \none of your rudeness! sei nicht so unverschämt!
    \none of it matters anymore das spielt jetzt keine Rolle mehr
    \none of that! Schluss [jetzt] damit!
    I'll have \none of that bad language! ( form) ich verbitte mir diese Ausdrucksweise!
    I'll have \none of your insolence! ( form) sei nicht so unverschämt!
    she tried to persuade him to retire, but he would have \none of it ( form) sie versuchte ihn zu überreden, sich pensionieren zu lassen, aber er wollte nichts davon hören
    \none of the brothers/staff + sing/pl vb keiner der Brüder/Angestellten
    \none of us + sing/pl vb niemand von uns
    \none at all [or whatsoever] gar keine(r, s), absolut nicht
    2. (no person, no one)
    \none but a dedicated scientist would want to... ( form) niemand außer einem leidenschaftlichen Wissenschaftler würde...
    \none but the most stupid of men would... ( form) nur ein Idiot würde...
    \none could match her looks niemand sah so gut aus wie sie
    \none better than... niemand ist besser als...
    I have seen \none better than him in figure skating ich kenne niemand, der besser im Eiskunstlauf ist als er
    \none other than... kein Geringerer/keine Geringere als..., niemand anders als... SCHWEIZ
    the first speech was given by \none other than Clint Eastwood die erste Rede hielt kein Geringerer als Clint Eastwood
    3.
    ▶ to be \none of sb's business [or concern] jdn nichts angehen
    why are you asking all those personal questions? my private life is \none of your business warum stellst du mir all diese persönlichen Fragen? Mein Privatleben geht dich nichts and
    ▶ to be second to \none unvergleichlich sein
    winning the gold medal in downhill skiing, he rightfully claimed to be second to \none nach dem Gewinn der Goldmedaille im Abfahrtslauf behauptete er voller Recht, der Beste zu sein
    II. adv kein bisschen
    he's just got back from two weeks in Florida but he looks \none the better for it er ist gerade vor zwei Wochen von Florida zurückgekommen, aber sieht kein bisschen besser aus
    I read the instruction book, but I'm still \none the wiser ich habe die Bedienungsanleitung durchgelesen und bin trotzdem kein bisschen klüger als vorher
    \none too intelligent/pleased ( form) nicht sonderlich [o sehr] intelligent/erfreut
    * * *
    [nʌn]
    1. pron
    keine(r, s), keine; (on form) keine

    none of the boys/the chairs/them — keiner der Jungen/Stühle/von ihnen

    none of this/the cake — nichts davon/von dem Kuchen

    do you have any bread/apples? – none (at all) — haben Sie Brot/Äpfel? – nein, gar keines/keine

    there is none left —

    money have I none (liter) none but he — Geld hab ich keines nur er

    their guest was none other than... — ihr Gast war kein anderer als...

    but none of your silly jokes —

    I want none of your excuses — und ich will keine Entschuldigungen hören

    (we'll have) none of that! — jetzt reichts aber!

    I want none of this/this nonsense — ich will davon/von diesem Unsinn nichts hören

    2. adv

    she looks none the worse for her ordeal — trotz allem, was sie durchzustehen hatte, sieht sie gut aus

    it's none too warm — es ist nicht or keineswegs zu warm

    none too sure/easy — durchaus nicht sicher/einfach

    * * *
    none [nʌn]
    A pron & s (meist als pl konstruiert) kein(er, e, es), niemand:
    none of them are ( oder is) here keiner von ihnen (allen) ist hier;
    I have none ich habe keine(n)
    B adv in keiner Weise, nicht im Geringsten:
    none too high keineswegs zu hochBesondere Redewendungen: none of the clearest keineswegs klar;
    none other than kein anderer als;
    none more so than he keiner mehr als er;
    we none of us believe it keiner von uns glaubt es;
    here are none but friends hier sind lauter oder nichts als Freunde;
    none but the best tea is good enough nur der beste Tee ist gut genug;
    none of your tricks! lass deine Späße!;
    none of that nichts dergleichen;
    he will have none of me er will von mir nichts wissen;
    I will have none of it das lasse ich keinesfalls zu;
    his face showed none of his surprise man sah seinem Gesicht nicht an, wie überrascht er war;
    none the less nichtsdestoweniger, dennoch, trotzdem;
    none too soon kein bisschen zu früh, im letzten Augenblick;
    none too pleasant nicht gerade angenehm;
    he was none too pleased er war gar nicht erfreut, er war wenig entzückt; → business A 9, second1 A 2, wise1 A 2
    * * *
    1. pronoun
    kein...

    none of them — keiner/keine/keines von ihnen

    none other than... — kein anderer/keine andere als...

    2. adverb
    * * *
    adj.
    gar nicht adj.
    kein adj.
    keiner adj.
    keines adj.
    nichts adj.

    English-german dictionary > none

  • 10 Maria II, queen

    (1811-1853)
       Born Maria da Glória, daughter of Pedro IV of Portugal (Pedro I of Brazil) and his first wife, Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria, in Rio de Janeiro, the future queen was named regent at age seven, on the death of King João VI (1826). By an agreement, her father Pedro abdicated the throne of Portugal on her behalf with the understanding that she would marry her uncle Dom Miguel, who in turn was pledged to accept a constitutional charter written by Pedro himself. Backed by the absolutist party, including his reactionary mother Queen Carlota Joaquina, Dom Miguel returned from his Austrian exile in 1828 and proceeded to scrap the 1826 charter of Pedro and rule as absolutist king of Portugal, placing the nine-year-old Maria da Glória in the political wilderness.
       Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (who had been Pedro IV of Portugal before he abdicated in Maria's favor) responded by deciding to fight for his daughter's cause and for the restoration of the 1826 charter. Maria's constitutional monarchy, throne, and cause were at the center of the War of the Brothers, a tragic civil war from 1831 to 1834. With foreign assistance from Great Britain, Pedro's army and fleet prevailed over the Miguelite forces by 1834. By the Convention of Évora-Monte, signed by generals of Miguel and Pedro, Miguel surrendered unconditionally, peace was assured, and Miguel went into exile.
       At age 15, Maria da Glória was proclaimed queen of Portugal, but her personal life was tragic and her reign a stormy one. Within months of the victory of her constitutionalist cause, her chief advocate and counselor, her father Pedro, died of tuberculosis. Her all too brief reign was consumed in childbirth (she died bearing her 11th child in 1853 at age 34) and in ruling Portugal during one of the modern era's most disturbed phases. During her time on the throne, there were frequent military insurrections and interventions in politics, various revolutions, the siege of Oporto, the Patuleia revolt and civil war, the Maria da Fonte uprising, rebellion of leading military commanders (marshals), and economic troubles. Maria was a talented monarch, and helped raise and educate her oldest son Pedro, who succeeded her as King Pedro V, one of Portugal's most remarkable rulers of recent centuries. Late in her reign, the constitutional monarchy system settled down, enjoyed greater stability, and began the so-called " Regeneration" era of economic development and progress.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Maria II, queen

  • 11 Ayre, Sir Amos Lowrey

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 23 July 1885 South Shields, England
    d. 13 January 1952 London, England
    [br]
    English shipbuilder and pioneer of the inter-war "economy" freighters; Chairman of the Shipbuilding Conference.
    [br]
    Amos Ayre grew up on the Tyne with the stimulus of shipbuilding and seafaring around him. After an apprenticeship as a ship draughtsman and distinction in his studies, he held responsible posts in the shipyards of Belfast and later Dublin. His first dramatic move came in 1909 when he accepted the post of Manager of the new Employment Exchange at Govan, then just outside Glasgow. During the First World War he was in charge of fleet coaling operations on the River Forth, and later was promoted Admiralty District Director for shipyard labour in Scotland.
    Before the conclusion of hostilities, with his brother Wilfrid (later Sir Wilfrid Ayre) he founded the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company in Fife. Setting up on a green field site allowed the brothers to show innovation in design, production and marketing. Such was their success that the new yard was busy throughout the Depression, building standard ships which incorporated low operating costs with simplicity of construction.
    Through public service culminating in the 1929 Safety of Life at Sea Conference, Amos Ayre became recognized not only as an eminent naval architect, but also as a skilled negotiator. In 1936 he was invited to become Chairman of the Shipbuilding Conference and thereby virtual leader of the industry. As war approached he planned with meticulous care the rearrangement of national shipbuilding capacity, enabling Britain to produce standard hulls ranging from the legendary TID tugs to the standard freighters built in Sunderland or Port Glasgow. In 1939 he became Director of Merchant Shipbuilding, a position he held until 1944, when with typical foresight he asked to be released to plan for shipbuilding's return to normality.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1937. KBE 1943. Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau.
    Bibliography
    1919, "The theory and design of British shipbuilding", The Syren and Shipping, London.
    Further Reading
    Wilfrid Ayre, 1968, A Shipbuilders Yesterdays, Fife (published privately). James Reid, 1964, James Lithgow, Master of Work, London.
    Maurice E.Denny, 1955, "The man and his work" (First Amos Ayre Lecture), Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects vol. 97.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Ayre, Sir Amos Lowrey

  • 12 Miguel I, king

    (1802-1866)
       The third son of King João VI and of Dona Carlota Joaquina, Miguel was barely five years of age when he went to Brazil with the fleeing royal family. In 1821, with his mother and father, he returned to Portugal. Whatever the explanation for his actions, Miguel always took Carlota Joaquina's part in the subsequent political struggles and soon became the supreme hope of the reactionary, clerical, absolutist party against the constitutionalists and opposed any compromise with liberal constitutionalism or its adherents. He became not only the symbol but the essence of a kind of reactionary messianism in Portugal during more than two decades, as his personal fortunes of power and privilege rose and fell. With his personality imbued with traits of wildness, adventurism, and violence, Miguel enjoyed a life largely consumed in horseback riding, love affairs, and bull- fighting.
       After the independence of Brazil (1822), Miguel became the principal candidate for power of the Traditionalist Party, which was determined to restore absolutist royal power, destroy the constitution, and rule without limitation. Miguel was involved in many political conspiracies and armed movements, beginning in 1822 and including the coups known to history as the "Vila Francada" (1823) and the "Abrilada" (1824), which were directed against his father King João VI, in order to restore absolutist royal power. These coup conspiracies failed due to foreign intervention, and the king ordered Miguel dismissed from his posts and sent into exile. He remained in exile for four years. The death of King João VI in 1826 presented new opportunities in the absolutist party, however, and the dashing Dom Miguel remained their great hope for power.
       His older brother King Pedro IV, then emperor of Brazil, inherited the throne and wrote his own constitution, the Charter of 1826, which was to become the law of the land in Portugal. However, his daughter Maria, only seven, was too young to rule, so Pedro, who abdicated, put together an unusual deal. Until Maria reached her majority age, a regency headed by Princess Isabel Maria would rule Portugal. Dom Miguel would return from his Austrian exile and, when Maria reached her majority, Maria would marry her uncle Miguel and they would reign under the 1826 Charter. Miguel returned to Portugal in 1828, but immediately broke the bargain. He proclaimed himself an absolutist King, acclaimed by the usual (and last) Cortes of 1828; dispensed with Pedro's Charter; and ruled as an absolutist. Pedro's response was to abdicate the emperorship of Brazil, return to Portugal, defeat Miguel, and place his young daughter on the throne. In the civil war called the War of the Brothers (1831-34), after a seesaw campaign on land and at sea, Miguel's forces were defeated and he went into exile, never to return to Portugal.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Miguel I, king

  • 13 Carlota Joaquina, Queen

    (1775-1830)
       Daughter of King Carlos IV of Spain, born in Aranjuez, Spain, and married at the tender age of 10 to João, son and heir of Queen Maria I. When Dom José, the eldest son of Queen Maria I died in 1788, Carlota Joaquina, who had become an unpopular Spaniard living in alien Portugal, was named princess-heiress. Always in conflict with her well-meaning but indecisive husband, João, Carlota became the leader of an extreme reactionary court party and was frequently in conflict with her more malleable husband. When the royal family fled to Brazil in 1808 to escape the French army of invasion, she accompanied them and remained in Brazil until she returned to Portugal with her husband in 1821.
       From that time on, Carlota Joaquina was never far from the center of political conflicts and controversy, as the Portuguese political system was caught in the grip of a violent struggle between the forces of constitutionalism and absolutism. After returning from Brazil, she refused to swear allegiance to the new constitution presented to her husband, King João VI, and was placed under house arrest. She was a power behind the throne of her son, Miguel, as he proclaimed himself an absolutist king, threw out the constitution, and prepared to rule the country in 1828. Before the civil war called " The War of the Brothers" (Miguel vs. Pedro, both her sons) was concluded with Pedro's military victory in 1834, Carlota Joaquina died and thus did not have to witness Miguel's defeat and permanent exile.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Carlota Joaquina, Queen

  • 14 Bomtempo, João Domingos

    (1775-1842)
       Portuguese composer who began his musical studies under his father, Francisco Saveiro Bomtempo, the oboist in the royal court of King José I (1750-77). At the age of 14, he became a singer in the Royal Chapel of Bemposta and, after his father's death, took his place as court oboist at age 20. In 1801, he decided to go to France to continue his musical studies instead of Italy, which was the custom in his day. In Paris, he associated with a group of exiled Portuguese liberals from whom he absorbed liberal ideas and became a committed constitutional monarchist. During his time in Paris, he began his career as a virtuoso pianist and, inspired by Clementi, Cramer, and Dussek, wrote his first compositions: the Grande Sonata para Piano, Primeiro Concerto em Mi bemol para Piano e Orquestra, and the Secundo Concerto para Piano.
       After Napoleon's armies were defeated by a combined Portuguese-British army commanded by General Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington), Bomtempo's prospects in France deteriorated and he left for London in 1810, where he was well received and became a well-regarded professor of piano. During this period, he published many compositions, such as the Terceiro Concerto para Piano, and Capricho e Variações Sobre " GodSave the King." Bom-tempo became active in the Masons at this time. In 1813, to celebrate the final defeat of the French, Bomtempo composed a cantata titled Hino Lusitano, with verses by the liberal poet Vicente Pedro Nolasco da Cunha. He also composed the Primeira Grande Sinfonia and the Quarto Concerto para Piano during this period.
       In 1815, Bomtempo returned to Portugal, where he founded a philharmonic society in order to fill a serious lacuna in the musical culture of Portugal. With the return of the royal court from Brazil and the increasing repression of Portuguese Masons, the situation in Lisbon became untenable for liberals. Bomtempo, who favored a constitutional monarch, returned to London, where he dedicated his work to the "Portuguese nation." He returned to Portugal in 1818, where he composed his best-known work: O Requiem: A Memória de Camões. In 1820, he composed a second requiem in memory of General Gomes Freire, the grand master of Portuguese masonry, who was hanged in 1817. In 1822, his philharmonic society began periodic concerts, but these were forbidden by the absolutist King Miguel I (1802-66) in 1828, and Bomtempo took refuge in the Russian consulate in Lisbon, where he lived for five years until a constitutional monarchy was established by King Pedro IV (1798-1834) in 1834.
       With the establishment of constitutionalism, Bomtempo returned to his artistic activities. In 1835, he composed the Segunda Sinfonia e um Libera Me, dedicated to the memory of King Pedro IV who, exhausted from his struggle against his brother during the " War of the Brothers," died soon after returning to the throne. In 1836, Bon-tempo was made music director of the Court Orchestra and professor of piano in the royal music school, where he introduced the musical pedagogy of Clementi. He continued to compose and direct until his death on 18 August 1842.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Bomtempo, João Domingos

  • 15 Pedro IV, king

    (also Emperor Pedro I of Brazil)
    (1798-1834)
       The first emperor of Brazil and restorer of the liberal, constitutional monarchy, as well as of the throne of his daughter, Queen Maria II. Born in Queluz Palace, the second son of the regent João VI and Queen Carlota Joaquina, Pedro at age nine accompanied his parents and the remainder of the Braganza royal family to Brazil, fleeing the French invasion of Portugal in late 1807. Raised and educated in Brazil, following the return of his father to Portugal, Pedro declared the independence of Brazil from Portugal in the famous "cry of Ipiranga," on 7 September 1822. As Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, he ruled that fledgling nation-state-empire from 1822 to 1831, when he abdicated in favor of his son Pedro, and then went to Portugal and the Azores.
       Pedro's absolutist brother, Dom Miguel, following the death of their father João VI in 1826, had broken his word on defending Portugal's constitution and had carried out an absolutist counterrevolution, which was supported by his reactionary mother Carlota Joaquina. Pedro's daughter, Queen Maria II, who was too young to assume the duties of monarch of Portugal, had lost her throne to King Miguel, in effect, and Pedro spent the remainder of his life restoring the constitutional monarchy and his young daughter to the throne of Portugal. In the 1832-34 War of the Brothers, Pedro IV's armed forces triumphed over those of Dom Miguel and the latter fled to exile in Austria. Exhausted from the effort, Pedro died on 24 September 1834, and was buried in Lisbon. In 1972, his remains were moved to Ipiranga, Brazil.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Pedro IV, king

  • 16 MacGregor, Robert

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1873 Hebburn-on-Tyne, England
    d. 4 October 1956 Whitley Bay, England
    [br]
    English naval architect who, working with others, significantly improved the safety of life at sea.
    [br]
    On leaving school in 1894, MacGregor was apprenticed to a famous local shipyard, the Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company of Jarrow-on-Tyne. After four years he was entered for the annual examination of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, coming out top and being nominated Queen's Prizeman. Shortly thereafter he moved around shipyards to gain experience, working in Glasgow, Hull, Newcastle and then Dunkirk. His mastery of French enabled him to obtain in 1906 the senior position of Chief Draughtsman at an Antwerp shipyard, where he remained until 1914. On his return to Britain, he took charge of the small yard of Dibbles in Southampton and commenced a period of great personal development and productivity. His fertile mind enabled him to register no fewer than ten patents in the years 1919 to 1923.
    In 1924 he started out on his own as a naval architect, specializing in the coal trade of the North Sea. At that time, colliers had wooden hatch covers, which despite every caution could be smashed by heavy seas, and which in time of war added little to hull integrity after a torpedo strike. The International Loadline Committee of 1932 noted that 13 per cent of ship losses were through hatch failures. In 1927, designs for selftrimming colliers were developed, as well as designs for steel hatch covers. In 1928 the first patents were under way and the business was known for some years as MacGregor and King. During this period, steel hatch covers were fitted to 105 ships.
    In 1937 MacGregor invited his brother Joseph (c. 1883–1967) to join him. Joseph had wide experience in ship repairs and had worked for many years as General Manager of the Prince of Wales Dry Docks in Swansea, a port noted for its coal exports. By 1939 they were operating from Whitley Bay with the name that was to become world famous: MacGregor and Company (Naval Architects) Ltd. The new company worked in association with the shipyards of Austin's of Sunderland and Burntisland of Fife, which were then developing the "flatiron" colliers for the up-river London coal trade. The MacGregor business gained a great boost when the massive coastal fleet of William Cory \& Son was fitted with steel hatches.
    In 1945 the brothers appointed Henri Kummerman (b. 1908, Vienna; d. 1984, Geneva) as their sales agent in Europe. Over the years, Kummerman effected greater control on the MacGregor business and, through his astute business dealings and his well-organized sales drives worldwide, welded together an international company in hatch covers, cargo handling and associated work. Before his death, Robert MacGregor was to see mastery of the design of single-pull steel hatch covers and to witness the acceptance of MacGregor hatch covers worldwide. Most important of all, he had contributed to great increases in the safety and the quality of life at sea.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.C.Burrill, 1931, "Seaworthiness of collier types", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architechts.
    S.Sivewright, 1989, One Man's Mission-20,000 Ships, London: Lloyd's of London Press.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > MacGregor, Robert

  • 17 Garrett, João Baptista de Almeida

    (1799-1854)
       One of Portugal's greatest 19th-century writers, Garrett was a diplomat, civil servant, journalist, and intellectual. In exile abroad due to his adherence to the cause of constitutional liberal monarchy, during the period 1823-36 especially, Garrett studied and was influenced by his readings of Shakespeare and romantic writers such as Lord Byron and Walter Scott. He studied law at the University of Coimbra. Following the triumph of King Pedro IV's cause in the War of the Brothers, Garrett served in the new government as a diplomat in Belgium. In a later second residence abroad, he was influenced by his study of German literature.
       It was in the field of letters that Garrett made his greatest mark, and he was active in all aspects of literary endeavor: poetry, essays, theater, journalism, and the novel. He was the founder of Portugal's national theater, Teatro Nacional de D. Maria II, and several of his plays become standard in Portuguese theater repertory, including his adaptations of plays by Gil Vicente. Government censorship, however, prevented the staging of several of his plays. His classic play Frei Luís de Sousa premiered in 1843, in a private theater.
       Like so many other romantic writers of his era in Europe, Garrett collected, edited, and published Portuguese folk stories, poems, and songs from a rich rural heritage and preserved them for later generations. Many were collected in his Romanceiro e Cancioneiro, in three volumes. Uncomfortable in the maelstrom of unstable politics and already named a peer of the realm, Garrett accepted the post of minister of foreign affairs in 1852. Quickly disillusioned, he retired in 1853 to private life and to writing another novel, left unfinished at his death in the following year.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Garrett, João Baptista de Almeida

  • 18 Varian, Sigurd Fergus

    [br]
    b. 4 May 1901 Syracuse, New York, USA
    d. 18 October 1961 Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
    [br]
    American electrical engineer who, with his brother Russell, developed the klystron microwave tube.
    [br]
    Sigurd Varian left school in 1920 and entered California Polytechnic to study engineering, but he soon dropped out and trained as an electrician, taking up employment with the Southern Californian Edison Company. As a result of working on an airfield he developed an interest in flying. He took lessons and in 1924 bought a First World War biplane and became a "barnstorming" pilot, giving flying displays and joy-rides, etc., to earn his living. Beset by several prolonged bouts of tuberculosis, he used his periods of recuperation to study aerial navigation and to devise navigation instruments. In 1929 he took a permanent job as a pilot for Pan American in Mexico, but in 1935 he went to California to work on electron tubes with his younger brother, Eric. They were soon joined by Russell, and with William Hansen they developed the klystron. For details of this part of his life and the founding of Varian Associates, see under Russell Varian. In later years, his health increasingly poor, he lived in semi-retirement in Mexico, where he died in a plane crash while flying himself home.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute Medal.
    Bibliography
    1939, with R.S.Varian, "High frequency oscillator and amplifier", Journal of Applied Physics 10:321 (describes the klystron).
    Further Reading
    J.R.Pierce, 1962, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 979 (provides background to development of the klystron).
    D.Varian, 1983, The Inventor and the Pilot (biographies of the brothers).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Varian, Sigurd Fergus

  • 19 Short, Hugh Oswald

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 16 January 1883 Derbyshire, England
    d. 4 December 1969 Haslemere, England
    [br]
    English co-founder, with his brothers Horace Short (1872–1917) and Eustace (1875–1932), of the first company to design and build aeroplanes in Britain.
    [br]
    Oswald Short trained as an engineer; he was largely self-taught but was assisted by his brothers Eustace and Horace. In 1898 Eustace and the young Oswald set up a balloon business, building their first balloon in 1901. Two years later they sold observation balloons to the Government of India, and further orders followed. Meanwhile, in 1906 Horace designed a high-altitude balloon with a spherical pressurized gondola, an idea later used by Auguste Piccard, in 1931. Horace, a strange genius with a dominating character, joined his younger brothers in 1908 to found Short Brothers. Their first design, based on the Wright Flyer, was a limited success, but No. 2 won a Daily Mail prize of £1,000. In the same year, 1909, the Wright brothers chose Shorts to build six of their new Model A biplanes. Still using the basic Wright layout, Horace designed the world's first twin-engined aeroplane to fly successfully: it had one engine forward of the pilot, and one aft. During the years before the First World War the Shorts turned to tractor biplanes and specialized in floatplanes for the Admiralty.
    Oswald established a seaplane factory at Rochester, Kent, during 1913–14, and an airship works at Cardington, Bedfordshire, in 1916. Short Brothers went on to build the rigid airship R 32, which was completed in 1919. Unfortunately, Horace died in 1917, which threw a greater responsibility onto Oswald, who became the main innovator. He introduced the use of aluminium alloys combined with a smooth "stressed-skin" construction (unlike Junkers, who used corrugated skins). His sleek biplane the Silver Streak flew in 1920, well ahead of its time, but official support was not forthcoming. Oswald Short struggled on, trying to introduce his all-metal construction, especially for flying boats. He eventually succeeded with the biplane Singapore, of 1926, which had an all-metal hull. The prototype was used by Sir Alan Cobham for his flight round Africa. Several successful all-metal flying boats followed, including the Empire flying boats (1936) and the ubiquitous Sunderland (1937). The Stirling bomber (1939) was derived from the Sunderland. The company was nationalized in 1942 and Oswald Short retired the following year.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. Freeman of the City of London. Oswald Short turned down an MBE in 1919 as he felt it did not reflect the achievements of the Short Brothers.
    Bibliography
    1966, "Aircraft with stressed skin metal construction", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (November) (an account of the problems with patents and officialdom).
    Further Reading
    C.H.Barnes, 1967, Shorts Aircraft since 1900, London; reprinted 1989 (a detailed account of the work of the Short brothers).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Short, Hugh Oswald

  • 20 Dassault (Bloch), Marcel

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 22 January 1892 Paris, France
    d. 18 April 1986 Paris, France
    [br]
    French aircraft designer and manufacturer, best known for his jet fighters the Mystère and Mirage.
    [br]
    During the First World War, Marcel Bloch (he later changed his name to Dassault) worked on French military aircraft and developed a very successful propeller. With his associate, Henri Potez, he set up a company to produce their Eclair wooden propeller in a furniture workshop in Paris. In 1917 they produced a two-seater aircraft which was ordered but then cancelled when the war ended. Potez continued to built aircraft under his own name, but Bloch turned to property speculation, at which he was very successful. In 1930 Bloch returned to the aviation business with an unsuccessful bomber followed by several moderately effective airliners, including the Bloch 220 of 1935, which was similar to the DC-3. He was involved in the design of a four-engined airliner, the SNCASE Languedoc, which flew in September 1939. During the Second World War, Bloch and his brothers became important figures in the French Resistance Movement. Marcel Bloch was eventually captured but survived; however, one of his brothers was executed, and after the war Bloch changed his name to Dassault, which had been his brother's code name in the Resistance. During the 1950s, Avions Marcel Dassault rapidly grew to become Europe's foremost producer of jet fighters. The Ouragon was followed by the Mystère, Etendard and then the outstanding Mirage series. The basic delta-winged Mirage III, with a speed of Mach 2, was soon serving in twenty countries around the world. From this evolved a variable geometry version, a vertical-take-off aircraft, an enlarged light bomber capable of carrying a nuclear bomb, and a swept-wing version for the 1970s. Dassault also produced a successful series of jet airliners starting with the Fan Jet Falcon of 1963. When the Dassault and Breguet companies merged in 1971, Marcel Dassault was still a force to be reckoned with.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Guggenheim Medal. Deputy, Assemblée nationale 1951–5 and 1958–86.
    Bibliography
    1971, Le Talisman, Paris: Editions J'ai lu (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    1976, "The Mirage Maker", Sunday Times Magazine (1 June).
    Jane's All the World's Aircraft, London: Jane's (details of Bloch and Dassault aircraft can be found in various years' editions).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Dassault (Bloch), Marcel

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